1) Gain on a camera is used to increase the exposure into the camera but makes the picture grainy
2) 50fps
3) If you are going to slow down in post production but it causes less light to come in
4) To make sure the colours are set right for the scene
5) Makes the volume louder but distorts it
6) White balance, shutter speed, exposure, focus
Zoom on hair and then zoom back out
7) If there is too much light and it is over exposed
8) F1
Tuesday, 21 September 2010
UK Broadcast Systems
UK Broadcast Systems
TV is broadcast in the UK by a number of different systems.
Terrestrial Broadcasting
Television in the UK is broadcast on an analogue signal at the moment. There are two main public broadcasters, BBC and Channel 4, and two commercial broadcasters, ITV and Five. Together they broadcast five analogue channels BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Five.
The BBC is funded by a television license fee paid by UK households with a TV. This fee is compulsory. It is currently £145.50 for this license. Channel 4 has to provide programs for minority groups and cater for specialist interests, however it gets its revenue from advertisements. ITV and Five also get their income from advertisements.
Analogue TV is broadcast by many antennas across the country. An example is Crystal Palace, which broadcasts TV to most of London. It started with VHF frequencies for the 405 line system and then switched to UHF frequencies for 625 line system. This used bands IV and V of the available radio signal bandwidths.
Analogue terrestrial television is the way many people in the UK still watch television. Analogue terrestrial television is currently being phased out and will be replaced by digital terrestrial television across the whole country by 2012. Some areas have been changed over already. The first ITV area was Border in the north of England. People will need a digibox to receive the new digital TV, called Freeview. Many other channels are also available on Freeview beside the five main analogue ones.
Satellite Broadcasting
Freesat is a free to air digital satellite television service. It is owned by the BBC and ITV. The service was started in May 2008 and is a satellite alternative to Freeview. It broadcasts a number of channels and anybody in the UK can receive them without a subscription. They just need a dish and a freesat receiver. Freesat broadcasts over 140 digital TV and radio channels including the five main channels plus BBC Three, BBC Four, ITV2, ITV3, More 4 and Film Four. The service also has high-definition programs from BBC 1 and ITV 1.
Sky TV was formed when Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting merged in 1990. At the start, Sky leased four transponders on the Astra 1A satellite. With the launch of more Astra satellites from 1991 onward, Sky expanded its services. The launch of the Astra 2A satellite in 1998 meant that Sky could start a new digital service, Sky Digital, which could carry hundreds of television and radio channels. Sky sells its channels in the form of multichannel packages. These are combinations of movies, sport, children, documentaries and general entertainment. People can buy any combination of these services. Sky also has an HD service, but this needs an HD box and is more expensive than the standard service.
Cable television
With cable TV the signal is transmitted via coax or fibre optic cables in the ground. The broadcaster creates a digital transmission signal and this is then digitally compressed and transmitted along the cable. Because it has been digitally compressed, digital cable can carry a large amount of information and transmit many interactive channels. The signal is then decoded in the viewer's home by their digital set top decoding box. There are a number of cable digital TV providers in the UK. The market leader at the moment is Virgin Media with over 4 million customers already. Customers can receive approximately 200 channels, all with digital picture and sound quality.
The main benefit of digital cable TV is its reliability. Analogue and satellite digital TV can be affected by the weather and by trees and buildings blocking the signal. Another advantage of cable TV is the cable itself. It can carry other media signals as well as TV. Bundling services is rapidly increasing and people with fibre optic cable can add other services (i.e. phone and broadband) that can be provided through the same cable. The main drawback of cable is the potential for damage of the cable in the ground and the higher cost of cable compared to satellite TV packages.
Digital Broadcasting
Digital TV transmits the pictures and sound which make up a TV programme, together with other services like text and interactive services. It gives many advantages over the analogue television transmission system that we have been using for nearly seventy years. In 2005 the government decided that Britain should switch to digital television. This was because the government felt that it was future technology and made a lot more services available to the population. Between 2008- 2012, television in the UK will go completely digital, TV region by TV region. The old analogue television signal will be switched off and people will need to upgrade their TVs to receive digital signals. All TVs now sold in the UK can receive digital TV.
Digital TV is better because the information that makes up the TV programme is coded into a digital stream of on-off pulses. So the technical quality is much better and more consistent. The digital stream takes up much less capacity in the airwaves. This means that the space needed in the past for just one analogue channel can now carry five, six or seven different programmes. This is called a multiplex. This means a bigger choice of services to watch for digital viewers.
High Definition Television is a new technology that gives sharper, higher resolution pictures with up to five times more detail than traditional television systems. HDTV programmes have brighter colours and clearer surround sound. A new high capacity delivery standard DVB-T2 has been introduced to deliver the Freeview HD service. DVB-T2 is an extension of the existing standard DVB-T that is used to transmit current Freeview broadcasts.
Internet TV
Internet television is a television service distributed via the Internet. Across the world, there are many internet TV services available e.g. Hulu and Revision3 in the USA and ABC iView and Australia Live TV in Australia. In the UK BBC some examples are iPlayer, 4oD, ITV Player and Demand Five. The two forms of viewing internet television are streaming the content directly to a media player or downloading the program to the user's computer. Most broadcasters now use streaming using peer to peer distribution. This is good for the broadcaster as the old central server system had high distribution costs and the servers couldn't handle the large amount of downloading and data transfer.
Internet television allows people to choose the program or the TV show they want to watch from an archive of programs. Watching internet television is simple. Using an Internet Service Provider, people can type in the website address or just type in the name of a chosen television program into a search engine. The downside is that the user may have to wait a few seconds to allow their program to stream. Buffering allows the program to run smoothly rather than stopping and starting. Internet streamed TV uses advanced compression techniques to keep the file sizes as small as possible but good enough quality to allow quick download times and good picture quality.
TV is broadcast in the UK by a number of different systems.
Terrestrial Broadcasting
Television in the UK is broadcast on an analogue signal at the moment. There are two main public broadcasters, BBC and Channel 4, and two commercial broadcasters, ITV and Five. Together they broadcast five analogue channels BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Five.
The BBC is funded by a television license fee paid by UK households with a TV. This fee is compulsory. It is currently £145.50 for this license. Channel 4 has to provide programs for minority groups and cater for specialist interests, however it gets its revenue from advertisements. ITV and Five also get their income from advertisements.
Analogue TV is broadcast by many antennas across the country. An example is Crystal Palace, which broadcasts TV to most of London. It started with VHF frequencies for the 405 line system and then switched to UHF frequencies for 625 line system. This used bands IV and V of the available radio signal bandwidths.
Analogue terrestrial television is the way many people in the UK still watch television. Analogue terrestrial television is currently being phased out and will be replaced by digital terrestrial television across the whole country by 2012. Some areas have been changed over already. The first ITV area was Border in the north of England. People will need a digibox to receive the new digital TV, called Freeview. Many other channels are also available on Freeview beside the five main analogue ones.
Satellite Broadcasting
Freesat is a free to air digital satellite television service. It is owned by the BBC and ITV. The service was started in May 2008 and is a satellite alternative to Freeview. It broadcasts a number of channels and anybody in the UK can receive them without a subscription. They just need a dish and a freesat receiver. Freesat broadcasts over 140 digital TV and radio channels including the five main channels plus BBC Three, BBC Four, ITV2, ITV3, More 4 and Film Four. The service also has high-definition programs from BBC 1 and ITV 1.
Sky TV was formed when Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting merged in 1990. At the start, Sky leased four transponders on the Astra 1A satellite. With the launch of more Astra satellites from 1991 onward, Sky expanded its services. The launch of the Astra 2A satellite in 1998 meant that Sky could start a new digital service, Sky Digital, which could carry hundreds of television and radio channels. Sky sells its channels in the form of multichannel packages. These are combinations of movies, sport, children, documentaries and general entertainment. People can buy any combination of these services. Sky also has an HD service, but this needs an HD box and is more expensive than the standard service.
Cable television
With cable TV the signal is transmitted via coax or fibre optic cables in the ground. The broadcaster creates a digital transmission signal and this is then digitally compressed and transmitted along the cable. Because it has been digitally compressed, digital cable can carry a large amount of information and transmit many interactive channels. The signal is then decoded in the viewer's home by their digital set top decoding box. There are a number of cable digital TV providers in the UK. The market leader at the moment is Virgin Media with over 4 million customers already. Customers can receive approximately 200 channels, all with digital picture and sound quality.
The main benefit of digital cable TV is its reliability. Analogue and satellite digital TV can be affected by the weather and by trees and buildings blocking the signal. Another advantage of cable TV is the cable itself. It can carry other media signals as well as TV. Bundling services is rapidly increasing and people with fibre optic cable can add other services (i.e. phone and broadband) that can be provided through the same cable. The main drawback of cable is the potential for damage of the cable in the ground and the higher cost of cable compared to satellite TV packages.
Digital Broadcasting
Digital TV transmits the pictures and sound which make up a TV programme, together with other services like text and interactive services. It gives many advantages over the analogue television transmission system that we have been using for nearly seventy years. In 2005 the government decided that Britain should switch to digital television. This was because the government felt that it was future technology and made a lot more services available to the population. Between 2008- 2012, television in the UK will go completely digital, TV region by TV region. The old analogue television signal will be switched off and people will need to upgrade their TVs to receive digital signals. All TVs now sold in the UK can receive digital TV.
Digital TV is better because the information that makes up the TV programme is coded into a digital stream of on-off pulses. So the technical quality is much better and more consistent. The digital stream takes up much less capacity in the airwaves. This means that the space needed in the past for just one analogue channel can now carry five, six or seven different programmes. This is called a multiplex. This means a bigger choice of services to watch for digital viewers.
High Definition Television is a new technology that gives sharper, higher resolution pictures with up to five times more detail than traditional television systems. HDTV programmes have brighter colours and clearer surround sound. A new high capacity delivery standard DVB-T2 has been introduced to deliver the Freeview HD service. DVB-T2 is an extension of the existing standard DVB-T that is used to transmit current Freeview broadcasts.
Internet TV
Internet television is a television service distributed via the Internet. Across the world, there are many internet TV services available e.g. Hulu and Revision3 in the USA and ABC iView and Australia Live TV in Australia. In the UK BBC some examples are iPlayer, 4oD, ITV Player and Demand Five. The two forms of viewing internet television are streaming the content directly to a media player or downloading the program to the user's computer. Most broadcasters now use streaming using peer to peer distribution. This is good for the broadcaster as the old central server system had high distribution costs and the servers couldn't handle the large amount of downloading and data transfer.
Internet television allows people to choose the program or the TV show they want to watch from an archive of programs. Watching internet television is simple. Using an Internet Service Provider, people can type in the website address or just type in the name of a chosen television program into a search engine. The downside is that the user may have to wait a few seconds to allow their program to stream. Buffering allows the program to run smoothly rather than stopping and starting. Internet streamed TV uses advanced compression techniques to keep the file sizes as small as possible but good enough quality to allow quick download times and good picture quality.
Tuesday, 14 September 2010
Aspect Ratio
Unit 21 video technology
Aspect ratio
Aspect ratio is the view you get when you look at a screen
4:3 is classic view which doesn’t show much
16:9 is widescreen it shows you a lot more than 4:3 it will also give you a panorama view
In movies they sometimes use a technique called pan and scan which means that they go through the movie and cut the shot to 4:3 to broadcast on older televisions but when you do this you lose alot of the detail. One director said that when you pan and scan it is like taking the last supper and only seeing 6 instead of 12
Pillarboxing
Letterboxing
Aspect ratio
Tv pixels and your brain:
If you divide a still image into a collection of small coloured dots your brain will reassemble the dots into a meaningful image
Pixels- the more pixels you have the better the resolution
The tv screen
A video camera divides up an image into horizontal scan lines which make up every single frame, this is then transmitted to your television
Different countries use slightly different standards or systems with different numbers of lines per screen and different numbers of frames per second
The UK uses
525 lines and 25 fps
picture from kcts9
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